The entire scientist tried to give a simple definition to life. These scientists were not succeeded according to the knowledge they have gathered they came to know that life can’t define simply. So they compared living and non living things to define life.
1. Living things has an organized structure
When we consider any living thing it is made with organized structure. Atom > Cell > Tissue > like that. Cell is the smallest living thing. It is made with number of atoms and consists with sub cell structures like (mitochondria, ribosome)
2. Living things can involve in reproduction
Every living thing can reproduce. As a living been ends its life in someday they involve in reproduction which can produce another living been which has the same qualities of their parents.
3. Living things will respond to their environment.
Living things can respond to the environment. We know this from the experience we will move to shade if there is too much of sunlight. Plants will wilt if there is no water.
4. Living thins can grow and develop
Living things are growing and developing. This can’t do by non living things.
5. Living things can adapt to the nature
Living things will adapt according to their living places. Mammals live in cold areas have more boozy skin comparing to other mammals.
6. Living things need energy
Every living thing needs energy to continue their lives.
7. Living things can move
Every living thing can move, even a plant. Although we can’t see plants are walking water and nutrients are moving in their xylems.
8. Living things can involve in evolution
9. Living things have biological & chemical reactions inside them.
Bio – living Logy- study so studding about living things is simply known as biology. Biology is the basic foundation to even study Medicine. Lot of universities and schools provide the facility of learning biology for students for their higher studies. Biology can divide in to two parts as Zoology and Botany. As I am a undergraduate in Agriculture this blog may focus more in to Botany. What is Zoology? Zoology is the study about animals and botany is the study of Plants. Usually living things can be categorize in to five kingdoms Monera ,Protista ,Fung,i Plantae, Animalia . In Biology we can discuss about these kingdoms. Other than zoology and botany students can study morphology and physiology of living organisms. Students will able to learn about structure of a living organism under morphology and under physiology they will learn about the functions inside the living organisms.
If we think about the history of biology we can’t exactly tell when it began. Our ancestors may get some knowledge about plants and animals living around them and they may gather information about those plants and animals. This may be the beginning of Biology. With the arrival of Greek civilization people has started to search for reasons cause for the result. People started to believe their should be a reason for every effect. This way of thinking made the foundation of science and biology is a branch of science. This science is the science of life. So Biology also developed with science step by step. After people found microscopes to observe micro organism Micro biology also developed as a science. After the invention of electronic microscopes which is more powerful than light microscope people found more about structure of plant and animal cells and about cell division like things. So here with this blog notes I will help you to improve your biological knowledge.
Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity. These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA. Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate, thereby reducing its level of supercoiling; the enzyme then seals the DNA break.[27] Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break, before rejoining the helix.[96] Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA, such as DNA replication and transcription.[28]
Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor. They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates, predominantly ATP, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands.[97] These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases.
Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases, while endonucleases cut within strands. The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases, which cut DNA at specific sequences. For instance, the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6-base sequence 5′-GAT|ATC-3′ and makes a cut at the vertical line. In nature, these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell, acting as part of the restriction modification system.[94] In technology, these sequence-specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting.
Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands.[95] Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication, as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template. They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination.[95]
